UTICAJ RAZVOJA LJUDSKE ZAJEDNICE NA POJAVU JEZIČKIH SIMBOLA I GRAMATIKE
Кључне речи:
jezik, simbolička kognicija, gramatičnost, kulturalna funkcionalnost, hipoteza kontinuiteta, kritični selektivni pritisakСажетак
Ljudski jezik je veštački sistem znakova koji predstavlja hijerarhijsku organizaciju visokog stepena mogućnosti kombinovanja jezičkih jedinica na različitim nivoima. Ovaj jezik se razlikuje od životinjskog po sposobnosti jedinica da zadržavaju stara značenja i da stiču nova uklapanjem u postojeće strukture. Veliki broj sintaktičkih operacija odražava kulturalnu funkcionalnost jezika, koja omogućava iznijansirano predo- čavanje pragmatičkih efekata upotrebe. Različiti autori jedinstvenost ljudskog jezika pronalaze u prisustvu voljnosti, semantičnosti, arbitrarnosti, odelitosti, pomeranju, umetanju, nezavisnosti od nadražaja, generativnosti, dvojnosti shematizacije, metajezičnosti i svojstvu da svaki normalan čovek može da nauči neki jezik.
Zagovornici hipoteze kontinuiteta ljudski jezik vide kao prirodni sled razvoja životinjskog jezika, dok pristalice hipoteze diskontinuiteta naglašavaju oštri raskid sa prethodnim sistemima komunikacije. Premda rezultati praćenja ontogenetskog razvoja jezika kod dece na ranom uzrastu mogu biti od pomoći pri tumačenju filogenetskog razvoja jezika, nije u potpunosti jasno zašto, kada i kako su se tačno razvili jezička sposobnost i sam jezik. Više teorija uzrok nalaze u postojanju sadejstva promena morfološke građe sistema ljudskih organa i novonastalih potreba čoveka unutar zajednice, koji shvata da može da utiče na svoje okruženje. Poreklo kritičnog selektivnog pritiska koji je podstakao razvoj ranih arbitrarnih simbola, simboličke kognicije i jezika možda leži u: hodu na dve noge; promeni ishrane; mogućim genetskim mutacijama, kao što je pojava neurona ogledala; dostupnosti različitih alatki, koje doprinose efikasnijem obavljanju radnji, uvećanju ljudske zajednice i potrebi za društvenom organizacijom, usled povećanja pokretljivosti grupa i njihovih potreba.
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